Optimal Secondary Frequency Regulation With ON-OFF Loads in Power Networks

Load-side participation can provide support to the power network by appropriately adapting demand when required. In addition, it enables an economically improved allocation. this study, we consider problem of providing optimal allocation among generation and ON-OFF loads within secondary frequency control timeframe. particular, a mixed-integer optimization problem, which ensures that objectives (i.e., generation–demand balance attaining its nominal value at steady state) are satisfied. We present analytic conditions on load profiles such $\epsilon $ -optimality interpretation steady-state is obtained, nonconservative for . Moreover, develop hierarchical scheme provides values satisfy proposed conditions. study interaction with physical dynamics stability guarantees. Our results verified numerical simulations Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) 9-bus system Northeast Power (NPCC) 140-bus system, where demonstrated algorithm yields close